Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Male and Female Perspectives

Definition and Examples of Progymnasmata in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Progymnasmata in Rhetoric The progymnasmata are  handbooks of preliminary rhetorical exercises that introduce students to basic rhetorical concepts and strategies. Also called the  gymnasma. In classical rhetorical training, the progymnasmata were structured so that the student moved from strict imitation to a more artistic melding of the often disparate concerns of speaker, subject, and audience (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, 1996). EtymologyFrom the Greek, before exercises The Exercises This list of 14 exercises is drawn from the progymnasmata handbook written by Aphthonius of Antioch, a fourth-century rhetorician. fablenarrativeanecdote (chreia)proverb (maxim)refutationconfirmationcommonplaceencomiuminvectivecomparison (syncrisis)characterization (impersonation or ethopoeia)description (ekphrasis)thesis (theme)defend/attack a law (deliberation) Observations The Enduring Value of the ProgymnasmataThe handbooks of progymnasmata may . . . interest modern teachers of composition, for they present a sequence of assignments in reading, writing, and speaking which gradually increase in difficulty and in maturity of thought from simple story-telling to argumentation, combined with study of literary models. As such, the exercises were certainly effective in providing students for centuries with verbal skills that many students in our time seem less often to develop. Because the exercises were so completely structured, furnishing the student with lists of things to say on many subjects, they are open to the criticism that they tended to indoctrinate students in traditional values and inhibit individual creativity. Only Theon, among writers on progymnasmata, suggests that students might be asked to write about their own experiences- something that did not again become a subject of elementary composition until the romantic period. Nevertheless, it would be unfair to characterize the traditional exercises as inhibiting all criticism of traditional values. Indeed, a major feature of the exercises was stress on learning refutation or rebuttal: how to take a traditional tale, narrative, or thesis and argue against it. If anything, the exercises may have tended to encourage the idea that there was an equal amount to be said on two sides of any issue, a skill practiced at a later stage of education in dialectical debate.(George A. Kennedy, Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Brill, 2003) Sequenced ExercisesThe progymnasmata remained popular for so long because they are carefully sequenced: they begin with simple paraphrases . . . and end with sophisticated exercises in deliberative and forensic [also known as judicial] rhetoric. Each successive exercise uses a skill practiced in the preceding one, but each adds some new and more difficult composing task. Ancient teachers were fond of comparing the graded difficulty of the progymnasmata to the exercise used by Milo of Croton to gradually increase his strength: Milo lifted a calf each day. Each day the calf grew heavier, and each day his strength grew. He continued to lift the calf until it became a bull.(S. Crowley and D. Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004)The Progymnasmata and the Rhetorical SituationThe progymnasmata progresses from concrete, narrative tasks to abstract, persuasive ones; from addressing the class and teacher to addressing a public audience such as the law court; from developing a single prescribed point of view to examining several and arguing for a self-determined thesis. The elements of a rhetorical situationaudience, speaker, and appropriate languageare included and vary from one exercise to another. Within exercises subordinate topics or topoi are called for, such as exemplification, definition, and comparison. Yet students have freedom to select their subjects, expand them, and assume a role or persona as they see fit.(John Hagaman, Modern Use of the Progymnasmata in Teaching Rhetorical Invention. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986) Method and ContentThe progymnasmata . . . offered Roman teachers a systematic yet flexible tool for incremental development of student abilities. The young writer/speaker is led step-by-step into increasingly complex compositional tasks, his freedom of expression depending, almost paradoxically, on his ability to follow the form or pattern set by his master. At the same time he absorbs ideas of morality and virtuous public service from the subjects discussed, and from their recommended amplifications on themes of justice, expediency, and the like. By the time he reaches the exercise of Laws, he has long since learned to see both sides of a question. He has also amassed a store of examples, aphorisms, narratives, and historical incidents which he can use later outside the school.(James J. Murphy, Habit in Roman Writing Instruction. A Short History of Writing Instruction: From Ancient Greece to Modern America, ed. by James J. Murphy. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)Decline of the Progymnasmata[ W]hen, in the late seventeenth century, training in the three classical genera began to lose relevance and the systematic development of Latin themes through imitation and amplification began to lose favor, the progymnasmata fell into sharp decline. Nonetheless, the training afforded by the progymnasmata has left a strong impression on Western literature and oratory.(Sean Patrick ORourke, Progymnasmata. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) Pronunciation: pro gim NAHS ma ta

Human Resources in South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources in South Korea - Essay Example (Zimmermann and Sparrow, 2008) To start, operate and close a business is well protected by South Korea's regulatory environment. Starting a business takes an average of 17 days compared to the world's average of 43 days. Obtaining a license will take less than the world's average of 19 procedures and 234 days. Closing a business is also easy. (Hesketh and Fleetwood, 2006) The investment climate is increasingly open. The government offers incentives such as cash grants and zero-corporate tax zones; has a one-stop-shop for foreign investments; and assigns an official to facilitate each project. Residents and non-residents may have foreign exchange rate accounts. (Hesketh and Fleetwood, 2006) Trade, fiscal and labour freedoms are relatively weak. Monetary score is hurt by government subsidies of several sectors. Non-tariff barriers are very common. The labour market remains rigid despite the government's effort to enhance market flexibility in recent years. There are burdensome employment regulations that hinder employment opportunities and productivity growth. The non-salary cost of employing a worker is low, but dismissing a redundant employee is costly. The high cost of laying off a worker creates a risk aversion for companies that would otherwise hire more people and grow. Regulations related to the number of work hours are not flexible. (Zimmermann and Sparrow, 2008) The... For outsiders language barriers and tight social or business circles make the Korean labour market difficult to enter. Business relationships have traditionally been built upon personal ties and valuable introductions. The South Korea labour laws are mentioned below: Foreign workers: pursuant to the immigration control act, professional or skilled foreigners can be employed in Korea after being issued with visas; in other particular occupations which include the hospitality and hotel industry (E-7) visa is issued. (Hesketh and Fleetwood, 2006) General procedures: the parties concerned sign an employment contract. A related minister makes a recommendation. The minister of Justice issues a visa issuance certificate. (Hesketh and Fleetwood, 2006) Working standards and welfare: the labour standards act, which stipulates minimum working standards for workers, covers all employees. However, some provisions (relating to employment contracts, restrictions on dismissal, working hours, leave, etc.) are not applied to work places with four workers or less given economic conditions and administrative capacity. (Hesketh and Fleetwood, 2006) Restrictions on dismissal: employers cannot dismiss employees without justifiable causes. If dismissed without justifiable causes, an employee can apply for redress to a labour relations commission. Employers may be subject to punishment for unjustifiable dismissal. If an employer is to dismiss a worker, he or she should meet strict conditions and procedures. First, the employer should have urgent managerial reasons, make every effort to avoid such dismissals, select those to be dismissed by rational and fair standards and sincerely consult with the trade union or workers' representatives in advance. Even when an

Audience essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Audience - Essay Example The total number of the audience is more than 600 which means that there is high level of diversity in the Bundestag. It contains men, women, people from different socioeconomic backgrounds as well as individuals who have varied religious or moralistic leanings. However, it is clear that their objective of being in the Bundestag is to bring improvements to society which means that whatever suggestion is given to them with regard to improving the situation of society is likely to be given a sympathetic ear. Aside from this similarity, they are also professionals who work as career politicians and are likely to have families, children, mobile phones as well as involvements in social organizations in their localities. Furthermore, it can be expected that they are well aware of international laws and even the laws of other countries in the EU concerning cell phone use while driving and the penalties associated with the crime. In fact, it becomes rather easy to see that the audience could be well aware of the issues surrounding the debate and might even be willing to follow the laws which have been enacted by nations in the region in similar situations. This makes the task of convincing them much easier since they can be shown data concerning how other countries have enacted the laws and what positive affects these laws have had on their motor safety. Further, they can be shown data from countries where mobile penetration is high yet there are no laws concerning the use of mobile phones while driving and how this affects the number of accidents on the roads. Moreover, they would also be pushed towards the point if they are told how a person’s situational awareness and ability to drive is affected while using a mobile phone. Most importantly, the argument presented to the audience has to be given a moral and ethical dimension since that can go a long way towards showing them that what they are doing will be good for society and it will have a

Who has been more successful at harmonising financial reporting the EU Essay

Who has been more successful at harmonising financial reporting the EU or the IASB Give reasons for your judgement - Essay Example Why? Because if an investor is interested in trading and putting his money which cumulatively accumulates as the region’s capital cannot invest in the member state which has different accounting standards as compared to his state, thus forcing him to invest in his state as he is not able to compare the financials of the other state leading to a non optimal distribution of capital. So for smooth and optimal distribution of capital across the European Union, it decided to go for an all out conversion of accounting standards, making the region more investor friendly and helping its political cause as well (Susanne & Christina, 2003). Even though standardisation of accounts was a welcome change for investors and industry as a whole, the reason behind the selection of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) promulgated by IASB was questioned. It could be answered in two steps, one which was politically motivated and other which was more accounting standard oriented. In 1990s there were an increased mergers and acquisitions involving European companies within European Union and out of it, which increased the pressure of having a unified and standardised form of reporting system. Globalisation of capital market and international fund movement was mounting throughout the 90s. EU securities exchange allowed companies to list themselves if they were reported according to GAAP or IAS, the only possible way to remain in the global securities market which was constantly dominated by the United States. The European Union governments feared that this way US GAAP would become the international standard for financial reporting. Therefore, a need for a competing set of standard for reporting financials was deeply felt to counter the US dominance and their dictatorship over the rules of accounts to be followed worldwide. Thus, the option boiled down to two accounting standards: â€Å"European† standard or IASB accounting standard. Historical unsuccess ful combination

Handling Teenage Pregnancy Analysis Social Work Essay

Handling Teenage Pregnancy Analysis Social Work Essay Teenage pregnancy is no longer a surprising news to the public. Teenage pregnancy referring to McGraw-Hill dictionary, understood to occur in an age 13 to 19 who has not completed her secondary school study, has few or no marketable skills, is financially dependent upon her parents or continues to live at home and is often mentally immature . It made a critical impact upon Hong Kong society and it became a significan issue in society and academic fields. The paper would illustrate the brief history and contemporary situation in Hong Kong. It will also analyzes the social work pratice area of teenage pregnancy in Hong Kong and the reason why it is a hard task to deal. This is one of the social work practice that I think it is difficult for me to work on. I would review literature and cases about how can social workers handle this problem for the preparation for the further study and future work. Introduction In the past ten years of the 20th century, British governments became aware of teenage pregnancy issue as a significant public health and social problem . As a long-time sociologist on this isssue has observed, teenage pregnancy has become a veritable industry . This view was shared by Hong Kong society. Official statistics have already clearly shown the teenage pregnancy problem years ago. According to the a public survey on school-based sex education in Hong Kong conducted by Department of Social Work at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, among those aged 26 or below who requested for abortion in the past three years, 3% of them were teenagers below 16. Moreover , 183 teenagers aged below 18 gave birth in 2006 . All these statistics have again aroused the public concern. For the social work field, this is a social issue worthy of discussion. A local youth organization in Hong Kong conducted an exploratory and qualitative study focusing on teenagers who had become pregnant under the age of 18 (Hong Kong Federation of Youth Group 1995b). This is a in-depth study on teenage pregnancy in Hong Kong. The total of 25 girls were interviewed whom were referred by the Social Welfare Departmaent and other NGO. The study aimed at finding out their attitudes towards sex and contraception as well as the decision-making process regarding abortion. It explored that more interviewees chose to have an abortion in Hong Kong than to give birth to a baby that may trouble their futures. About half them made the decision to terminate the pregnancy within 2 weeks. However, four girls could not make up their minds or come to an agreement with their boyfriends . In these cases, the 24th week passed without a decision, making it too late for a legal abortion. Dealing with their issues of pregnancies, they worried more about the unpredictable chang es in their future life than the social moral or others impression on them. All in all, it concluded that these girls had actively participated in the decision-making process, moreover, even make the decision by themselves. In some condition,heir parents were not in direct practical help and some parents even did not know the problem at all. Difficulties in handling teenage pregnancy I know the most difficult part for me to handle the teenage pregnancy case is client self-determination phase. The client may be already suffered from her own confusion and the complicated emotion. As a professional social worker, must help the client to understand the pros and cons in her situation. Following the NASW Code of Ethics social workers respect and promote the right of clients to self-determination and assist clients in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals . This decision making is an overwhelmed task for everyone. To choose an abortion, means a loss of a essential attachment relationship . It is a more psychological tramua than a biological hurt. Choosing to keep the baby, also lead to a loss of the normal life, facing the threat of social norms, financial problem, parental style, end up of education, etc. It seems that there is never a good choice. In this helping process, it may conflict with my own interest and personal value and I afraid that would influence the clients self-determination ability. I feel confident with my professional of non-judgmental, but talking about providing the options, it is hard for my preference of anti-abortion. My mother is a Christian and her Christian value of opposing abortion has a great affect on me. From a Christian view, deliberate abortion, unless the mothers life is in danger, is murder. I agree with the idea that this is kind of killing the most defenseless livin beings by taking away their most basic right to live, without their permission. So this is also the reason why in some countries, abortion is illegal. The baby is innocent. It is a tragedy that one have no right to determine to live or not. I regard the baby as human life though some people say it is only an unwanted tissue. Besides, teenage abortion patients are more likely to come up with physical risks. Because their bodies are not yet fully developed and can not produce pathogens, which are found in the cervical mucus of older women and protect them from infection . These teenagers are also twice as likely to experience cervical lacerations and higher risk for post-abortion infections such as pelvic inflammatory disea se and endometritis . Scared by above information, I was clear that my personal interest is an obstacle to me of giving the unwed mother the choice of abortion. On the other hand, continue the pregnancy, the major concern is raising up the baby. If the baby could not born in a complete family, or the parent were reluctant to accept his/her, it may cause a negative effect on the babys whole life. It is not his choice to come to this world, but he have to bear all these. I really believe in the family of origins lifelong affect on the baby. Social scientists have found that the children growing up in single parent families are disadvantaged in many aspects comparing to a two-biological-parent families . Studies shows that these children are more potentially to have deviant behaviors such as become low acadamic achievement, drug abuse, join a gang, ect. Many of these problems are related to the poor economic condition and parenting style. To be honest, none of us want to born in a single parent family. The child may rather his mother did not give birth to him, but he have no choice. I worry that my dilemma of these cases would affect these sensitive teenage as they are really vulnerable under such condition. In the future work, I realize there is no way to escape from all this kind of issue. I have no choice but find out a applicable way to deal with it. How do social worker handle teenage pregnancy After doing literature review, I found the cardinal values of social work give me an effective support to handle these crisis. The Code of Ethics point out that all human beings deserve access to the resources they need to deal with lifes problems and to develop their full potential . As a social worker, we must believe that the client have the ability to make the preferable decision. Keep neutral and enhance their problem-solving and decision-making capacity in order to avoid conflict between our personal beliefs with the clients value. Tough decision to make Applying empathy to this kind of cases, we should recognize their emotional reactions. If we can not stand in their positions, it is impossible to help them to help themselves. During this period, their emotion would be easily affected and would go through shocked, frightened, frustrated, angry, helpless, lost and alone, worried and shameful. Showing acceptance and being supportive is essential, it can lower the clients anxiety and build up a trustful relationship. After the clients management of her emotion, weigh out the options, for example: her mental or physical health during prenancy, the financial conditionl and family support of the teenagers family, the family and status of the father, the future education or other plans for her . In the helping process, she is assisted to appraise her strengths and weaknesses as well as her extant resources and limitations, identify and assess alternatives, show empathy on her thoughts and feelings as well as take serious consideration of the welfare of the baby . Understand and inform the client about the pros and cons of all the choices, utilize the resources and then respect her choice no matter what it is.. Though the final decision is made by the client, this choice in fact would not be decided by her own. No doubt this would involved of her family support system or partner and friends social network. These teenager are tend to make decision under the pressure given by their parens or boyfriends. Mothers choice Usually, social worker whom work on the teenage pregnancy case will provide the teen three options and help this client to assess her situation. Keep the baby. If the client decide to keep the baby, the social worker should make it clear to the realistic demands of the costs whether now or the future. Make sure she get the fully perspective of the future challenges. Many kinds of responsibilities she has to take, such as physical and psychological changes, financial risks or maternal management. And the most important, is she well prepare for the new role of a parent. Give the baby up for adoption. The most crucial task before the babys birth, is consider to make the maximum benefits for the baby. Though it may broken the mothers heart. After concerns of the babys better future, some pregnant girls will continue their pregnancies and painfully give up the baby for adoption. If the client face her situation of not ready for a parenthood, no matter what kind of factors, we should respect her choice. She is bravely admitting she is not ready to becom a mother but want her baby to achieve a better life. To choose adoption can arouse the sense of loss and guilty. This feeling will start with the pregnancy itself because the expectant parents realize the fact of accept the loss of their own immediate life plans . Dealing with sadness and guilt is not easy, some of them may really suffer from the fact that permanently separated from their child or even feel grief and shame last a lifetime. So analyze all these cost and possibilities and inform her as much details as possible, it help her feel in control and confirm of making this decision. End the pregnancy. Some time abortion is a hard but reasonable choice. Abortion is a very sensitive issue for many people and a very difficult decision to make for many women. But to some extent, finacial or psychological limitation, they have no choice but to give up their babies for adortion for further consideration. Having an abortion under 24 weeks is considered legal in Hong Kong. Also, social worker should make sure that the client is informed the possible consequences, by consulting the doctor, the family and the partner to evaluate the determination. How if I face this issue As I realize the difficulties of myself in dealing with teenage pregnancy, the best way to solve this dilemma is follow the ethical principles. All social workers work is helping people to help themselves. What I have to do is to help her find out the best way to solve her problem. First is to keep confidential. Only in this way, the client assured that their information will not known by others so that will talk freely and provide more imformation. The principle also point our the confidentiality is not absolute when the client present a danger to self or others . I may discuss this concerns with my client and let her to decide whether to continue the services under such situation. A teen may face a dilemma, whether to tell others or not. When we feel the involvement of a parent or friends could be helpful, but she may not want any outside involvement . It is reasonable that under the pressure of social norms, this young girl will like to keep a secret. Senior social work suggest that the best way is explore her reluctance of telling others, after that, is up to her decision. And then, consent is an important ethical issue as well. We suggest voluntary involvement with the case to the client. For instance, Canadas common law states that people can consent if they are capable of understanding their problem, the proposed treatment, and the likely consequences of having or refusing treatment . In another word, it is her choice to consent or refuse. Facing any kind of deviant behaviour, a social worker must be non-judgmental. All of us were have been taught that we should not make judgments in class. As a human being, it is hard of putting none emotion on others. Geldard holds the view, that being non-judgmental and treating client with unconditional positive regard are goals which we should try our best to achieve. Though this is difficult, we need to explore in supervision any personal issues which may be interfering with their ability to be more accepting . I should strive to do this in order to build up a trustful relationship with the client. Conclusion Teenage pregnancy is a multifaceted issue that involve so many factors. As a social worker, understanding these teenagers as they try hard on making their decisions regarding sexuality and parenthood involves , keep in touch with their perceptions of themselves and their assessments of the opportunities that waiting them . After writing this paper, I recognize I had considered too much about humanitarianism and fostering a healthy baby, but neglect the pregnant teenager-my client. A social workers most concern is how to help the client to make maximum benefit in her situation but not to judge if they are right or wrong. I have to learn and practice more on believing in the clients ability to solve the problem and respect her choice. I will not pass judgment on the client who are confronting difficult decisions, they are doing the best they can.

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

The Lord of the Flies The adventure novel, The Lord of the Flies, was an epic tale that depicted the different facets of the human spirit. It was written by William Golding in the 1950's and recieved many awards. It was declared the "Outstanding Novel of the Year" by E.M. Forrester. The author did in no wat mean for this story to be biographical, but Mr. Golding depicted well the many different aspect of human nature. The book has been described as "provacative, vivid and enthralling," but Time and Tide said it best when they wrote, â€Å"It is not only a first-rate adventure story but a parable of our times." The novel took place on an island probably somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic. This can be inferred because of the fact that the boys are British and that they arrived on the island by way of a plane cradsh. The story also occurred during wartime. The story begins when a group of British boys crash on an uninhabited island. In the beginning they area all unruly and unmorginized. Finally, a boy by the nakme of Ralph decides to take charge and call a meeting. The boys declare him â€Å"chief† and then begin to follow his lead. Ralph is also assisted by another lad by the name of Piggy. The group of boys were getting along fine until Jack Merridew, a boy who wanted to be â€Å"chief† instead, decided to go his own way. He disobeyed Ralph and did things his own way. He was to preoccupied witdh his own whims to do the act that was most important on the island, which was to keep the signal going so they could be rescued. Finally, Jack went against Ralph and declared that if any of the other boys wanted to have â€Å"fun,† which meant acting like savages, that they should follow him. The boys splot up into two groups and then havoc insued. Jacks group went around hunting and being barbaric while the others tried to get rescued. In the end Jack had gotten all the boys except Ralph to run around loke wild animals. Then when Jack got tired of dealing with Ralph, he convinced wveryone to try and kill him. By then however, a navy ship had come an they could never get around to the nasty deed. There was more than one antagonist in the story, The Lord of the Flies. They were Ralph, Piggy, and all the other boys who tried to sustain order and law on the island. To begin with, Ralph was the â€Å"first† chief on the island.

The Significance of the Manner in Which Ophelia Dies

There on the pendant boughs her coronet weeds/ Clambering to hang, an envious sliver broke,] When down her weedy trophies and herself/ Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide,] And mermaid-like awhile they bore her up†¦ (line 197-201 , Act 4, Scene 7). Shakespeare, by â€Å"letting† Aphelia drowns herself, to some extents alleviates the pain of death and pictures a beautiful Aphelia drowned In water with her beauty minded and preserved.By comparing Aphelia to a mermaid-like figure, Shakespeare gives unreal characteristics to her death and makes it smoother for Aphelia, whose life has been tragic enough. The fact that Aphelia was suffocated under her own dress and that her feminine clothes made her impossible to swim is a metaphor of women's helplessness at the time being – Aphelia dies without any self- defense or mobility. Shakespeare implies the role of women in society and how being a woman gives Aphelia no chance to react even in death.At the same ti me, Aphelia peps singing: Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds/ As one incapable of her own distress/ Or Like a creature native and endued/ Unto that element. (line 202-205, Act 4, Scene 7). Her chanting reminds audience of her madness In Scene 5 and 6, In which she sings songs about men and death. Audience may Identify Aphelion's chanting as a trace of madness, but also her singing on the verge of death portrays a passive let-go of Life – Aphelia clearly has no Intention of fighting back or even crying out for help. Compared to Aphelion's conversations with Polonium andHamlet throughout the play, it is clear that Aphelia never has any voice or reaction to the events of her life – her madness, her destiny and even her death are caused and retold by others. For several times throughout the play Aphelia is pictured with flowers. At the end of Act 4, Scene 7, her death is again associated with symbolic floral images: Therewith fantastic garlands did she make/ Of c ornflowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples/ That liberal shepherds give a grosser name/ But our cold maids do â€Å"dead men's fingers† call them. Nine 193-196, Act 4, Scene 7). Flowers are symbols of Aphelion's tragic life, being a victim of disruptive events mostly caused by men. Cornflower symbolizes a dream of lover, portraying a dying Aphelia still thinking about Hamlet and his love[l]. Nettles signify her bad luck and tragic destiny; while daisies represent innocent love[2]. The long purples represent Aphelion's loss in love Wendell at ten same time audience can assume Tanat â€Å"a grosser name† raters to sexuality[3].By calling long purples â€Å"dead men's fingers†, Shakespeare implies the causes of Aphelion's death as her life is destined by men (Hamlet, Polonium and Alerts); reminding audience of the song which she sings earlier: Larded all with sweet flowers/ Which between to the ground did not go/ With true-love showers. (line 43-45, Act 4, Scen e 5). By associating Aphelion's figure with the presence of flowers, Shakespeare also lets audience know about women's beauty and fragility as that of flowers: although women are romantic and pretty outside, they are truly somber and vulnerable indeed.

Success and Failure of Intelligence essay part 2Essay Writing Service

Success and Failure of Intelligence essay part 2Essay Writing Service Success and Failure of Intelligence essay part 2 Success and Failure of Intelligence essay part 2Success and Failure of Intelligence   essay part  1Furthermore, the allies’ armies and infrastructure remained unharmed and, more important, the allies armies have got better opportunities to track the movement and actions of the enemy securing its position through deciphering the communication between Germans, who used Enigma or its navy encryption. In such a way, the German military faced the problem of information breaches since the allies had got an opportunity to decipher the communication of Germans. As a result, they had got access to the secret information and their interceptions could help them to understand what Germans planned to do and reveal German strategy and key military operations (Stinnett, 2009). In fact, the cracking of Enigma gave the allies the clue to the communication channels of Germans that apparently weakened German army and enhanced the position of the allies in the war.The cracking of Enigma caus e substantial harms to Germans, who became vulnerable to unexpected actions and attacks of the allies, who deciphered German communication due to the successful intelligence operation of cracking Enigma. Germans could not be absolutely safe anymore because the allies could foresee their operations and actions due to the information which they intercepted from the communication between Germans. In such a situation, Germans could not conduct their operations successfully and the risk of their failure increased because they could not encrypt their communication effectively, while their enemy, i.e. the allies, could elaborate effective counter strategies being aware of actions and plans of Germans.Furthermore, the cracking of Enigma was the successful intelligence operation because it has brought the strategic advantage to the allies, who could track and decipher the communication of Germans, while the communication plays the key and strategically important part in military operations. The party that cannot encrypt and hide its communication from the enemy turns out to be in a disadvantageous position as was the case of Germany (Weinberg Gerhard 2013). Positive effects of the cracking of Enigma became obvious shortly after the cracking because the allies had got an opportunity to decipher the communication of the enemy. In such a situation, the allies had started to use the full potential of the cracking of Enigma focusing on the interception of German communication to understand their plans, actions and other important issues which could have played an important part in World War II.Finally, Germans remained unaware of their encryption system being broken down until the late period of the war, when the outcome of the war was almost clear and Germans could not counter attack effectively. In fact, Germans remained confident in the reliability and security of their encryption system because they were certain in its high theoretical security level, although being ex tremely safe in theory, Enigma had proved to be insecure in practice. However, Germans uncovered this fact too late to prevent the allies from revelation of numerous military operations and plans of Germans. As a result, the late uncover of the intelligence operation by the enemy is another evidence of the overall success of the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma.On the other hand, the US intelligence had suffered one of the most severe failures, when it had failed to prevent and foresee the upcoming assault on Pearl Harbor. In contrast to the cracking of Enigma, the intelligence operations aiming at the monitoring of the Japanese navy movement and operations in the Pacific Ocean had proved to be the total failure, as the US intelligence had not identified the threat in time and underestimated the potential threat from the part of the Japanese in time (Steinberg, 1995). The attack of Japanese army on Pearl Harbor was a turning point in the history of World War II. In fact, th e attack led to the active involvement of the USA in World War II and made the war truly global. In this respect, it is important to emphasize that the USA’s entry into World War II influenced consistently the balance of power in the world and, to a significant extent, predetermined the outcome of the war. At the same time, the involvement of the USA in World War II was provoked by the growing aggression from the part of Japan as well as Germany which threatened to the strategic ally of the USA in Europe, Great Britain. The involvement of the USA in World War II strengthened consistently the allies. In such a context, the role of Pearl Harbor and its outcomes can hardly be underestimated. At the same time, views of specialists on causes, which led to the Japanese attack as well as causes of such unexpected and extremely high casualties among Americans, vary consistently.First of all, it is important to understand causes of the attack and motives of each party involved in the conflict, in order to understand causes of numerous casualties, success of Japanese and unexpected failure of Americans. Traditionally specialists (Cook, 1955) argue that Japan tended to the domination in the Asia-Pacific region and it attempted to establish its total control over the region. Hence, the attack of Japanese on Pearl Harbor was rather a question of time than a question of international diplomacy or relations. What is meant here is the fact that Japan was not interested in the presence of a powerful state, such as the USA in the region. Instead, Japan’s strategic goal was the domination in the region. Naturally, such domination could not be achieved as long as the USA opposed to Japanese efforts to gain the dominant position. Obviously, the USA was a threat to Japan because Americans would not allow Japanese grew in power since the latter would be a threat to the national interests of the USA. As a result, Japan decided to attack the USA and destroy its main nava l base because Japan expected that the USA would not recover after Pearl Harbor (Toland, 2006).The USA, in its turn, apparently underestimated the threat from the part of Japan and, what is more, Americans failed to foresee the attack. This was not only a tactical failure of the US navy commandment, but it was also a failure of American intelligence. As a result, the US navy was not really prepared for the attack that actually caused numerous casualties. At the same time, the USA could also count for diplomatic resolution of existing conflicts and tension between the USA and Japan.Unlike the cracking of Enigma, the intelligence operation against the Japanese was conducted by the US intelligence only and the information collected was fragmentary but, if the British and Americans had managed to crack Enigma on the ground of the fragmentary information available to them, they had failed to interpret properly actions of the Japanese navy in the Pacific Ocean before the assault on Pearl Harbor.Furthermore, the assault on Pearl Harbor had led to disastrous destructions of the infrastructure of the US navy and air forces in the region (Keegan, 2007). In this regard, the results of the cracking of Enigma were absolutely contrary since the US army and its allies had managed to avoid the destructive impact of German attacks as they could foresee their actions due to deciphering of the communication between German military units. As a result, the allies could foresee where Germans could strike and they undertook measures to prevent possible destructions and casualties.In the course of the attack, about 2,400 American soldiers were killed and over 1,100 American soldiers were wounded (Hakim, 2012). Unlike the intelligence operation leading to the cracking of Enigma, the intelligence failed to prevent numerous casualties. In this regard, the cracking of Enigma had had totally different effects since the allies had managed to decrease casualties due to the interception of t he German communication and better forecasting of actions of the enemy.The US intelligence agents did not suffer during the intelligence operation but the US intelligence agents had failed to perform their functions properly.In addition, preparation of the operation and its implementation resulted in the failure of the US intelligence to divert the attack and warn the US military about the threat of the attack on Pearl Harbor. As a result, the balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region had changed since the US army had lost its position after the defeat. The loss of a large number of aircrafts, battle ships and other ships resulted in the loss of the military power and required the US to supply new battle ships and aircrafts to defend its western coastline from the potential attack from the part of Japan. Therefore, the overall effect of the attack on Pearl Harbor reveals the failure of the US intelligence because of the loss of the position of the US in the Asia-Pacific region.In addition, the failure of the US intelligence resulted in the involvement of the US in World War II because, if the US army was informed of the upcoming threat, it could undertake preventive steps to divert the threat, for instance, through increasing of the military presence in Pearl Harbor that could discourage the Japanese from the attack on the US navy base (Miller, 2011).In this regard, the results of the intelligence operation on the cracking Enigma is quite different since cracking of Enigma had positive effects that is the evidence of the overall success of the operation. The allies became able to operate more successfully because they could decipher the communication of Germans, while, in case of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US military power in the Asia-Pacific region had been undermined that proved the failure of the intelligence operation.Finally, it is worth mentioning the fact that the failure of the US intelligence became evident to the enemy as well as the rest of the world immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In such a way, the US intelligence had proved to be unable to uncover the plan of the attack of the Japanese on Pearl Harbor. In this regard, the failure of the US intelligence in case of Pearl Harbor was evident, while the cracking of Enigma was a truly successful intelligence operation which remained unknown to the public as well as Germans for a long time and allowed the allied to take the strategic advantage in their military operations in Europe against Germans.Thus, two different intelligence operations were absolutely different not only in their tactics, strategy and significance but they were absolutely different in their effects because the intelligence operation aiming at cracking Enigma was apparently the success of the allies’ intelligence, whereas the intelligence operation of the US in regard to Japanese military actions and plans in the Asia-Pacific region was the total failure as the Attack on Pearl Harbo r resulted in disastrous effects on the US military power in the region and involved the US into World War II.

Zappos Case Study

Zappos Case Study Company Background Zappos is an online shoes and apparel company with its head quarters situated at Henderson, Nevada, USA; it is barely twelve years old; Nick Swinmurn founded it in 1999. Swinmurn got the idea to invest in the company after he searched for his favorite brown pair of shoes in vain; he pondered over the idea and he saw an opportunity in the market to invest in the sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Zappos Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the same year that he had missed his favorite pair of shoes, Swinmurn approached Tony Hsieh and  Alfred Lin, and they jointly started an online footwear shop that they named as â€Å"ShoeSite to Zappos†. One year down the line, the company merged with Venture Frogs, which added an additional capital to the growing capital base of the company and jointly they adopted the name Zappos. According to the company’s audited financial statem ent of 2009, the company was worth $1.2 billion in 2009. To venture and adopt better online selling skills, the company sold some of its shares to Amazon.com in 2008; currently the company’s chief execute officer and chief finance officer are Tony Hsieh and Chris Nielsen respectively (Zappos Official Website, 2011). This paper analyzes Zappos management structure. Organizational structure The company has a formal structure where there are two main players, the chief executive office and the chief finance officer. They are the people that are mandated with the task of condensation and pioneering different issues in the company. The managers have the role of making various decisions on different issues in the company. The idea to target the international market has been seen as an unusual approach to the company’s selling and business approach. The highly unusual corporate philosophy formed the foundation for the company’s business model, notably its profit sharin g operator agreement. The model is such that, when the company wishes to expand, instead of seeking out franchisees, it carries out a search for highly motivated and responsible operators, who are usually among the existing employees of the company. The top management has numerous meeting with other line managers in the efforts to disburse information and receive feedbacks from the people on the ground. They do not stay in the office and wait for work to be done but they are actively involved in day-to-day running to the organization (Smith Mazin, 2004). Values/ethics Zappos realizes that its success is dependent on the loyalty that they get from their customers, one of the ways of ensuring that they get customers attention and loyalty to the company eventually develop.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management emphasizes on the need to have high moral values and always aim at selling commodities whose value is high and unquestionable. The company’s products, which include shoes, handbags, accessories and apparels, are sourced from reputable companies like   Nike,  Ugg boots, and  Steve Madden  heels; currently the company has over 5000 brands of products that it has to monitor for quality. Shoes account for 80% of the company’s sales. When we talk of an ethical business, it means that the business is conducted in a way that it goes in line with the generally accepted morals in the society. Some of the ethical matters that the company looks into include compliance with international laws of trade, being responsible and committed to its business and having an integrity lead team (Zappos Official Website, 2011). Corporate social responsibilities are actions that a company commits its self to do, not for its income generation but projects that benefit the society. The responsibilities that the company has engaged in inclu de; building of medical centers and hospitals, building schools, scholarships to students and charity work (Andrew Matten, 2004). Zappos leadership plays an important role in strategy development in the organization; the leaders are ready to answer and manage fears that the employees have, they are from the top most to the supervisors. To develop freelance culture, Zappos has ten core values, which all employees must adhere to, they are Deliver WOW Through Service: this is through offering high quality service that can be relied upon. Embrace and Drive Change: the company understands that change is inevitable in modern changing business environments, thus it prepares its team for change when needed to better its service delivery. Create Fun and A Little Weirdness: the services offered should be quality and appealing to customers. Be Adventurous, Creative, and Open-Minded: the company aims at improving its processes through its highly experienced employees, they are motivated to be adventurous and creative to have better ways of doing business. Pursue Growth and Learning: the company aims at offering its employees a career through the company Build Open and Honest Relationships With Communication: the company has an effective communication strategy that offers information from customers, employees and management Build a Positive Team and Family Spirit: the company aims at developing orchestrate teams Do More With Less Being Passionate and Determined Being Humble (Zappos Official Website, 2011) Decision-making Decisions are the driving force in the organization; managers at different levels are mandated with the task of making decisions within their jurisdictions. For example, Zappos has a strong marketing team, when they want to change the strategy and the approach to marketing. Then the company’s head of marketing is the reference point. The quality of decision that managers make give their organization direction and focus. The growth and competitive ness of an organization is influenced by the quality as well as acceptability of decisions made by managers at all levels (Wheelen Hunger, 1999). There is a well cut hierarchy of power distribution in the company; those decisions that require the approval of higher managers are affected only after they have been vetted. When making decisions, it is the organizational culture of Zappos to consult junior and senior employees so that they can develop effective and acceptable decisions. The management-decision making approach adopted by the company can be referred to as scientific decision making approach, this is where to make good decision managers must undergo three main stages they are; defining the problem, data collection and choosing the best alternative. Always a good manager considers the urgency of the decision before making one (Bridge Dodds, 1975).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Zappos Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human resources management/employees relations The company respects it employees and have made policies aimed at getting employees loyalty; it has over 1500 employees getting direct returns from the company. The rate of compensation is high and there is respect of their view. When the company sis recruiting, applicants are subjected to robust interviewing program that is of two stages, professional aptitude and personality tests, this is aimed at getting the right people who are willing to adopt the culture of the company that encourages innovation and invention of better way of doing work. After an applicant has been successful, the company offers six-month probation where it learns the applicant further. After the success, then an employee is employed under permanent and pensionable bases; the company operates a defined contribution pension scheme. Some of the benefits that the internal customers enjoy are free medical care and lunches, free vending-machin es, fully equipped-free library and a nap room; the policies set by the management aims at having an orchestrate team through performance reward scheme (Zappos Official Website, 2011). The human resource department is given the mandate of ensuring that adequate employees are available at all times. It has the mandate of planning, deploying, employing, training, retaining, and dismissal of employees. When the department is undertaking this duty, it looks into quantitative and qualitative aspects. Qualitative means the right number of employees and qualitative means employees with right skills (Renckly Renckly, 2003). Communication Zappos has an effective internal and external communication system: the system allows for feedback from different stakeholders like the employees, shareholders and customers. Internal business communication is vital for success in all businesses; it facilitates understanding and innovation in a company. Success in this context means, being able to accompli sh a particular task or to achieve a specific objective. Good business communications in relationships with either fellow staffs or customers is needed in order to prosper. Business success can be measured in terms of the practicability of business relationships that is directly proportional to the quality of communication (Guffer Almonte, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing strategy One of the strongest departments in the company is the marketing department: the company adopts a Communication marketing strategy (MARCOM): a marketing strategy that incorporates different marketing strategies to have one strategy that can effectively fight their competitors (Reid Plank, 2004). The system operates as follows: Zappos develops various advertisement programs and use of mass media to market for a company’s product. The method has a strong point in that it gets access to a large population making it relatively cheap method of advertising. The method faces a problem of choosing the right approach that will cover all ages, culture and beliefs that the media is able to access at a go. The Medias used include television, Radios and online internet Medias as if you tube (Anctil, 2008). Since Zappos products are personal in nature, the company has adopted a personalized marketing approach. Traditionally, sales were aimed at creating awareness of exi stence of a product in the market. However, functions of sales have increased to develop a company-customer relationship. Customer loyalty and building a strong brand name are the advanced objectives of sales. Zappos has a number of direct marketing sales: under this approach, the customer and the sales man develop strong relations, which can result to a high customer loyalty. Zappos has adopted an online marketing strategy and the use of social networks. Such networks include Face-book and twitter. Certain information is given as updates in the social networks and users can get their queries solved over them. This aims at creating a human face with the market where they can interact with the company easily (Peter, 2006). Supply chain management To manage the large stock of variety, the company need to have a robust and effective supply chain managements system. To have the effective supply chain management, the company has embarked on supplier relations, where it has maintained goo d relations with its suppliers in a move to ensure quality supply at an affordable cost. Zappos has a strong procurement; having a good supply chain management makes the company have adequate stock always. There are adequate supplies at an appropriate price and the time when the company requires the supply. The well-developed supply chain management has given the company a competitive advantage. Zappos supply chain management team has quality, quantitative, price and logistic objectives. Conflict management and change management The company is structured in a way that there are micro teams that are mandated with taking certain roles: when conflict occurs in the teams, team leaders are mandated with the role of solving the conflicts. They should hold a neutral ground and listen to two sides of a conflict before making judgement. Incases the conflict are as a result of policy, the management has the role of enforcing the policy and in case the conflict is with the national or internat ional laws, the company legal department intervenes. The company has undergone changes effectively: its Leaders are mandated with the task of pioneering a business to its desired objectives. In transitional period the leaders is the one who guides subordinates to the desired path. They jointly make rules and policies to be followed in attaining the goals. Zappos freelance culture embraces change. Observations, comments, and conclusions The success of Zappos in national and international markets has been facilitated by its visionary managers; they make timely decisions and ensure that business processes are effectively managed. The expansion strategy that the company enacts benefits its operations and aims at improving the sales of the company. Managers are not the sole source of information but they delegate power and consult junior employees before making a decision; this has created innovation and invention of better processes in the company. The nature of the business calls for a strong supply chain and marketing strategy, which the company has effectively enacted. The business world is changing; the company should not be contented by its increasing sales and lose its aggressiveness. It can use the experience and intellectualism in its employees to start a manufacturing plant instead of depending on other companies to supply readymade products; such a strategy is likely to increase the company’s sales further. Secondly, the company has strong brand name thus, it can venture into franchising business and use brand extension strategy to increase its sales. References Anctil, E. (2008). Marketing and Advertising the Intangible. ASHE Higher Education Report, 34(2), 31-47. Andrew C., Matten, D. (2004). Business Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University press : Oxford. Bridge, J., Dodds., J.(1975). Managerial decision making. London: Taylor Francis. Guffer, M. E., Almonte, R. (2009). Essentials of Business Communication. New York: Cengage Learning. Peter D. (2 006). Marketing Management and Strategy. London: Post Telecom Press. Reid, A., Plank, E.(2004). Fundamentals of Business Marketing Research. New York: Best Business Books. Renckly, B., Renckly, R. (2003). Human Resources. New York: Barrons Educational Series. Smith, S., Mazin, R. (2004). The HR answer book: an indispensable guide for managers and human resources professionals. New York: Amacom Div American Mgmt Assn. Wheelen, L., Hunger, J.(1999). Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley. Zappos Official Website. (2011). Zappos.com. Retrieved from https://www.zappos.com/

Enjoying Horror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enjoying Horror - Essay Example This is same as arguing people watch horror movies because they want to be frightened. The plain suspense in horror films like Paranormal Activity has enabled the movie to draw massive viewing. The movie is about young couple who placed audio-visual equipment to capture unusually activity going on in the house. The suspense in the movie is so strong because the viewers want to know the cause of strange activities. The climax of the horror comes out when zombies go on massive killings towards the end of the film (Hawkins 1). Psychological effects of horror movies on viewers also make them interesting to view. Neuroscientist argue that the neurons in human brains work in a complex way that allows human brains to think, reason and act in a different ways from other animals. They further argue that fear is an emotion derived from newly learned cautions as well as deep-seeded evolutionary factors (Hawkins 1). Analysis The catharsis theory can also be used to explain why horror movies are enjoyable. The movies are appealing due to their traffics in thoughts and emotions that have been subdued by the ego though they seem vaguely familiar. Neuroscientists believe that horror touches on elemental images in the joint unconscious. Several individuals have not repressed feelings like drowning of children or slaughtering of women, they may want to watch more horror movies in order to overcome such fears. Horror films may combine traditional horror films themes and comedy. Comedy-Horror movies are intended to scare the audience and provide humor for the viewers to laugh at their fear. Another thing with horror movies is the intense experiences it brings to the audience. This explains why young people would prefer watching horror movies. The intense experiences make their hearts race and bring out the true nature of life (Hawkins 1). McIntyre, Gina. The Horror . . . The Horror. Loss Angeles Times. 2009. Web. 4th August 2013. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/25/entertainme nt/ca-horror25 Summary Horror films are movies that are intended to create a sense of alarm, fear and panic among the audience. The films are usually unsettling and rely on scare tactics to capture the attention of the audience. The movies are usually centered on an evil person, event or force. â€Å". Most horror films are set in lonely places, ruined houses, deserts or forests. The villains are bad looking individuals who could be dressed in masks. The villains live a strange life such as feeding on humans and raw meat. The victims are innocent individuals who could be out on a tour only to fall at the hands of villains (McIntyre 1) Analysis Most researchers think that the killings and blood in horror movies makes them interesting. For example, Zombie-horror is characterized by mindless beings raised from the dead. They contain zombie invasion on human territory and feed on human beings. A struggle then arises between human beings and the zombies, the Zombies wanting to feed on h umans while humans are defending their territory. The struggle between the humans and zombies keeps the audience glued to their seats. However, other factors motivate the audience when watching horror movies. This could be the moral lesson that is found in such films. â€Å"If horror films reflect the anxieties of a culture, then it makes perfect sense that so many nefarious characters are emerging from the darkness: The collapse of the housing market, the menacing

Company law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Company law - Coursework Example creditor is provided with a way of protection on certain specified assets of the company and if subsequently there is default the creditor can sell the assets so as to cover up the debt that is owed to him. A fixed charge in a situation of liquidation or receivership ranks highest in the order of priority. The most common feature of a fixed charge is that it attaches to the asset which is relevant upon creation. Thus fixed assets which are to be kept by the company for the long run are best suited for the creation of a fixed charge. On the other hand a floating charge has been defined in Re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association1 as â€Å"A charge on a class of assets of company, present and future; which class is, in the ordinary course of the company’s business, changing from time to time; and until the holders enforce the charge the company may carry on business and deal with the assets charged†. Thus it can be seen from the definition that contrary to a fixed charge, a floating charge does not attach to the property unless the charge has crystallized. A floating charged can therefore be applicable to fixed as well as current assets that is if upon ‘the undertaking and assets’ a charge has been created. Crystallization of a floating charge can occur by various ways and one of them is the liquidation of the company. The identification of a fixed or floating charge is not easily made at times but it is pertinent to mention that if a receiver is appointed the preferential creditors of a company are paid first. (s.40 Insolvency Act 1986). The labeling of a charge is not in itself conclusive. (Street v. Mountford). Thus a charge is not fixed where there the asset that has been charged can be dealt with by the company. (R in Right of British Columbia v. Federal Business Development Bank). The priority of charges is important when different charges have been created over the same property, if the question of registration of a charge is kept aside then an equitable